Choose the word which is stressed differently from the rest.

Question 1:

• a. temperature
• b. serious

• c. awareness

• d. chemical

Question 2:

• a. ability

• b. agriculture

• c. development
• d. contaminate

Question 3:

• a. government
• b. agency
• c. benefit

• d. diversity

Question 4:

• a. disappearance

• b. vulnerable

• c. conservation
• d. generation

Question 5:

• a. current
• b. global
• c. crisis

• d. mankind

Choose a, b, c, or d that best completes each unfinished sentence, substitutes the underlined part, or has a close meaning to the original one.

Question 6: Almost half of turtles and tortoises are known to be threatened with _____.

• a. extinct

• b. extinction

• c. extinctive
• d. extinctly

Question 7: Current extinction rates are at least 100 to 1,000 times higher than _____ rates found in the fossil record.

• a. nature

• b. natural

• c. naturally
• d. naturalness

Question 8: It is reported that humans are the main reason for most species’ declines and habitat _____ and degradation are the leading threats.

• a. destroy
• b. destructive
• c. destructor

• d. destruction

Question 9: We have to apply effective measures to save Many plant and animal species ____ extinction. 

• a. from

• b. in
• c. for
• d. on

Question 10: Over-exploitation for food, pets, and medicine, pollution, and disease are recognized _____ a serious threat _____ extinction.

• a. as / of

• b. to / for
• c. over / with
• d. upon / at

Question 11: Clearing forests for timber has resulted ______ the loss of biodiversity.

• a. with
• b. at

• c. in

• d. for

Question 12: Humans depend on species diversity to provide food, clean air and water, and fertile soil for agriculture.

• a. destruction
• b. contamination
• c. fertilizer

• d. variety

Question 13: The world’s biodiversity is declining at an unprecedented rate, which makes wildlife ______.

• a. prosperous
• b. perfect

• c. vulnerable

• d. remained

Question 14: Life on Earth is disappearing fast and will continue to do so unless urgent action is taken.

• a. vanishing

• b. damaging
• c. polluting
• d. destroying

Question 15: _____ is the protection of environment and natural resources.

• a. Survival
• b. Commerce

• c. Conservation

• d. Extinction

Question 16: Hunting for meat and burning forests for soil cause destruction to wildlife.

• a. organization
• b. contamination
• c. protection

• d. damage

Question 17: Toxic chemicals from factories are one of the serious factors that leads wildlife to the _____ of extinction.

• a. wall
• b. fence

• c. verge

• d. bridge

Question 18: Species become extinct or endangered for ______ number of reasons, but _______ primary cause is the destruction of habitat by human activities.

• a. Ø / a

• b. a / the

• c. the / a
• d. Ø / Ø

Question 19: Since ______1600s, worldwide overexploitation of animals for food and other products has caused numerous species to become extinct or endangered.

• a. the / a

• b. the / Ø

• c. Ø / the
• d. the / the

Question 20: I _____ be at the meeting by 10:00. I will probably _____ take a taxi if I want to be on time.

• a. must / have to

• b. may / must
• c. should / needn’t
• d. mustn’t / shouldn't

Question 21: You _____ forget to pay the rent tomorrow. The landlord is very strict about paying on time.

• a. needn't

• b. mustn't

• c. do not have to
• d. may not

Question 22: The television isn’t working. It _____ during the move.

• a. should have been damaged
• b. needn’t be damaged

• c. must have been damaged

• d. ought not be damaged

Question 23:I am not deaf. You ______ shout.

• a. must
• b. mustn't
• c. need

• d. needn’t

Question 24: John failed again. He _______ harder.

• a. must have tried

• b. should have tried

• c. can tried
• d. may have tried

Question 25: _____ I borrow your lighter for a minute? - Sure, no problem. Actually, you ______ keep it if you want to.

• a. May / can

• b. Must / might
• c. Will / should 
• d. Might / needn’t

Question 26: I do not mind at all. You _____ apologize.

• a. shouldn’t

• b. needn’t

• c. mustn’t
• d. oughtn’t to

Question 27: Ted’s flight from Amsterdam took more than 11 hours. He ____ exhausted after such a long flight now. 

• a. must be

• b. must be being
• c. must have been
• d. should have been

Question 28. The lamp _____ be broken. Maybe the light bulb just burned out.

• a. should not

• b. might not

• c. must not
• d. will not

Question 29: It is a top secret. You ______ tell anyone about it.

• a. mustn’t

• b. needn’t
• c. mightn’t
• d. won’t

Question 30: We have plenty of time for doing the work. We _____ be hurried.

• a. needn’t

• b. shouldn’t
• c. mustn’t
• d. mayn’t

Error Identification.

Question 31: Species become extinct or endangerment for a number of reasons, but the primary cause is the destruction of habitat by human activities.

• a. endangerment

• b. reasons
• c. destruction
• d. by human activities

Question 32: Although species evolve differently, most of them adapt to a specific habitat or environment tat best meets their survive needs.

• a. Although
• b. adapt
• c. that

• d. survive

Question 33: Without the particularly habitat, the species could not survive.

• a. Without

• b. particularly

• c. could
• d. survive

Question 34: Such human activities as pollution, drainage of votlands, cutting and clearing of forests, urbanization, and road and jam construction has destroyed or seriously damaged available habitats. 

• a. Such
• b. drainage
• c. clearing

• d. has destroyed

Question 35: Habitat fragmentation have caused plant and animal species in the remaining islands of habitat to lose contact with others of their own kind.

• a. fragmentation

• b. have caused 

• c. species
• d. with

Read the passage carefully and choose the correct answer.

Species that belong to an area are said to be native species. Typically, they have been part of a given biological landscape for a long period, and they are well adapted to the local environment and to the presence of other native species in the same general habitat. Exotic species are interlopers, foreign elements introduced intentionally or accidentally into new settings through human activities. In one context an introduced species may cause no obvious problems and may, over time, be regarded as being just as “natural” as any native species in the same habitat. In another context, exotics may seriously disrupt delicate ecological balances and create a cascade of unintended consequences. 

The worst of these unintended consequences arise when introduced species put native species in destruction by preying on them, altering their habitats, or out competing them in the struggle for food resources. Although biological introductions have affected environments the world over, the most destructive effects have occurred on islands, where introduced insects, cats, pigs, rats, mongooses, and other non-native species have caused the grave endangerment or outright extinction of literally hundreds of species during the past 500 years.

One of other reason to cause species extinction is overexploitation. This word refers to the utilization of a species at a rate that is likely to cause its extreme endangerment or outright extinction. Among many examples of severe overexploitation, the case of the great whales stands out in special relief. By the middle of the 20th century, unrestricted whaling had brought many species of whales to incredibly low population sizes. In response to public pressure, in 1982 a number of nations, including the USA, agreed to an international moratorium on whaling. As a direct result, some whale species which are thought to have been on extinction’s doorstep 25 years ago have made amazing comebacks, such as grey whales in the western Pacific. Others remain at great risk. Many other species, however, continue to suffer high rates of exploitation because of the trade in animal parts. Currently, the demand for animal parts is centered in several parts of Asia where there is a strong market for traditional medicines made from items like tiger bone and rhino horn.

Question 36: Native species ______. 

• a. are not used to the local environment
• b. never get along well with other native species in the same environment
• c. tend to do harm to exotic species

• d. have been part of a given biological landscape for a long period

Question 37: Exotic species ______.

• a. do no harm to native species and the local environment

• b. may kill native species for food

• c. always share the environment peacefully with native species
• d. help to make the local environment more ideal to survive

Question 38: According to the first paragraph, ______.

• a. non-native species have caused badly damage to native ones

• b. introducing new exotic species to local environments is necessary
• c. exotic species have never been introduced on islands
• d. very few native species have been damaged by exotic species

Question 39: According to the second paragraph, by the middle of the 20 century ______.

• a. whale population was the most crowded in marine life
• b. whale hunting was illegal
• c. whale population increased dramatically

• d. whaling was not restricted

Question 40: Tiger bone and rhino horn _____.

• a. are not popular in Asian markets
• b. are never in the trade of animal parts

• c. are used for making traditional medicines

• d. cannot be found in Asian markets

Fill in each numbered blank with one suitable word or phrase.

Nearly 200 of the 1500 native plant species in Hawaii are at risk of going extinct in the near future because they have been (Question 41) ______ to such low numbers. Approximately 90 percent of Hawaii’s plants are found nowhere else in the world but they are (Question 42) _____ by alien invasive species such as feral goats, pigs, rodents and non- (Question 43) _____ plants.

The Hawaii Rare Plant Restoration Group is striving to (Question 44) _____ the extinction of the 182 rare Hawaiian plants with fewer than 50 individuals remaining in the (Question 45) _____. Since 1990, (Question 46) _____ a result of their ‘Plant Extinction Prevention Program’, sixteen species have been brought into (Question 47) _____ and three species have been reintroduced. Invasive weeds have been removed in key areas and fencing put up in order to (Question 48) ____ plants in the wild.

In the future the Hawaii Rare Plant Restoration Program aims (Question 49) _____ collecting genetic material from the remaining plants in the wild for storage as a ‘safety net’ for the future. They also aim to manage wild populations and where possible reintroduce species into (Question 50) _____.

Question 41:

• a. disappeared

• b. reduced

• c. increased
• d. developed

Question 42:

• a. guarded
• b. invested
• c. conserved

• d. threatened

Question 43:

• a. nation

• b. native

• c. national
• d. nationally

Question 44:

• a. prevent

• b. encourage
• c. stimulate
• d. influence

Question 45:

• a. wild

• b. atmosphere
• c. hole
• d. sky

Question 46:

• a. so
• b. due

• c. as

• d. but

Question 47:

• a. contamination
• b. production

• c. cultivation

• d. generation

Question 48:

• a. derive
• b. vary
• c. remain 

• d. protect

Question 49:

• a. at

• b. for
• c. with
• d. on

Question 50:

• a. shelters

• b. reserves

• c. gardens
• d.halls